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mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="2050"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor="#99CCFF" lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval: .5in'> <div class=Section1> <table width="100%" border="0"> <tr> <td height="62" align="center" bgcolor="#999966"><div align="center"> <h4><strong><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: x-large; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive; font-weight: bold;">Iran Missile Tests shows Diverse Concerns on Twitter</span></strong></h4> </div></td> </tr> </table> <h1 align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></h1> <table width="200" border="0"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999966"><em>Background Info.</em></td> </tr> </table> <p>The state of Iran's missile defense program has been a prevalent issue in the news over the past month. Iran tested two short-range missiles and announced plans for a controversial long-range missile test on Sept. 27. According to BBC, the short-range missiles had a range of up to 100 miles, and the long-range missile, believed to capable of reaching Israel, was tested Sept. 28. The test took place at time of mounting tensions between Iran and the West about Iran's nuclear program.</p> <p>Iran and Israel at one point had good relations but the Islamic Revolution has lead to the relationships deterioration. Iran has chosen to end all communication and trade with Israel now often calling them the Zionist Regime. Given this history it likely is no coincidence that Iran chose to test their missiles on the same day as the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur; Iran stands by their claim that it was merely a coincidence. The missiles tested have the capability of reaching Israel and the majority of the Middle East as well. </p> <p>Earlier in the week, <a href="http://www.kmph.com/Global/story.asp?S=11224974">Iran disclosed</a><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8277040.stm"></a> it built a uranium enrichment facility inside a mountain. The announcement sparked controversy among members of the U.N. Security Council, who required that the country suspend enrichment until officials from the International Atomic Energy Agency visit the site. Iran eventually <a href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1929037,00.html">agreed</a> to let officials enter the nation on Oct. 25.</p> <table width="435" border="5" align="center"> <tr> <td width="417"><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/3aoWrSak0NY&hl=en&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/3aoWrSak0NY&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object></td> </tr> </table> <table width="200" border="0"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999966"><em> Twitter Data</em></td> </tr> </table> <p>Using the search terms &quot;iran missiles,&quot; our group began to collect data from Archivist on Sept. 30. Data gathering was completed Oct. 12, at which point we began to condense Tweets into a readable format.<br> The number of Tweets about the news dropped rapidly.</p> <DIV> <p><strong>Analyzing language of retweets</strong></p> <p align="justify">In looking at roughly the first 500 tweets of the data set, one can organize the retweeting language into a number of categories, including news references, advice to the state of Iran, chastisement of President Obama, messages that advocate peace, and tweets that joked or mocked the situation.</p> <p align="justify">First, there is a group of retweets that reference news stories. A number of these concerned interstate affairs, also mentioning Iran and its relationship with other nations. Twitter users discussed Russia and Israel in reference to the Iran missile event. For example, LJZumpano retweeted @ConserValidity to say, &ldquo;Russia halts TOR-M1, S-300 air, missile defense missiles to Iran Good News if true!&nbsp;<u> <a href="http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=6314">http://bit.ly/17MiD0</a></u> #sgp #tbrs.&rdquo;</p> <p align="justify">&nbsp;The link, though old, was similarly referenced in other tweets. It connects to a story <a href="http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=6314">(http://www.debka.com/headline.php?hid=6314)</a> on a site hosted by an organization that calls itself an intelligence and security news service.</p> <p align="justify">Others mentioning Russia note the U.S. missile defense program and simply include Iran as a hashtag. The news story <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/Iran/idUSTRE5961ZT20091007?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=Iran&amp;virtualBrandChannel=10209">(http://www.reuters.com/article/Iran/idUSTRE5961ZT20091007?feedType=RSS&amp;amp;feedName=Iran&amp;amp;virtualBrandChannel=10209</a><A href="redir.aspx?C=074424e4ae60459a9d28d5ab756693e6&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.reuters.com%2farticle%2fIran%2fidUSTRE5961ZT20091007%3ffeedType%3dRSS%26feedName%3dIran%26virtualBrandChannel%3d10209" target="_blank"></A>) they link from Reuters is primarily focused on the relationship between the U.S. and Russia; Iran is just a peripheral note.</p> <p align="justify">In references to Israel, users bring in other news stories that indicate some doubt about the safety of the nation, should Iran&rsquo;s missile program be of the strength those inside the state say it is. The user reneboucheaux &nbsp;retweeted @trcbirannews saying, &ldquo;Iran Test-Fires Missiles That Put Israel in Range - New York Times <A href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/world/middleeast/29tehran.html?_r=2&em&usg=AFQjCNG84ulNlDLTPuPK0GgWbs_0IMhtVg" target="_blank">http://trcb.us/6ei </A>#iranelection.&rdquo; &nbsp;The news story(<A href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/world/middleeast/29tehran.html?_r=2&em&usg=AFQjCNG84ulNlDLTPuPK0GgWbs_0IMhtVg" target="_blank">http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/world/middleeast/29tehran.html?_r=1&amp;em&amp;amp;usg=AFQjCNG84ulNlDLTPuPK0GgWbs_0IMhtVg</A>) &nbsp;includes a quote from a senior Revolutionary Guard official who said Iran missiles have the potential to reach any state that is a threat to Iran. Yahoo! News posted a similar story on Sept. 28 that was tweeted by a user named AaronCohen777 and retweeted by numerous others.</p> <p align="justify">Another category in which one can group retweets is advice to the state of Iran. Though fewer in number, the text of these retweets were directed to those in power in the regime. For example, the user 3fatcats retweeted @jocarva, &ldquo;Missiles and bombs are not toys, Regime. You are like a crazy child playing with a gun! #iranelection #iran&rdquo; at 10:37 a.m. on Oct. 10.</p> <p align="justify">In talking about the American leader, a disproportionately large number of tweets in our data set had negative things to say. Many users used the news event as an impetus for chastising President Obama and his handling of foreign affairs. The user N287, for example, retweeted @txjogger saying, &ldquo;Iran test fired three missiles.&nbsp; C'mon, Obama, man up for once on Iran!&rdquo;</p> <p align="justify">The two tweet categories that were repeated greatly were those from single users that advocated peace and another that mocked the situation. A large number of users retweeted @Pray4Iran saying, &ldquo;The people of Iran have no interest in firing missiles at anyone, why would they? #iran #world #peace #future.&rdquo;</p> <p align="justify">Lastly, the largest category in which retweets could be summed is that which mock or joke about Iran and its missiles. Several retweeted a message from CHRISVOSS in which he said, &ldquo;I see Iran has successfully tested its short-range missiles. They can now throw sandals over 60 feet! LOL #voss.&rdquo;</p> </DIV> <BR> <p>&nbsp;</p> <table width="900" border=0 align="center" cellpadding=0 class=MsoNormalTable style='width:100.0%;mso-cellspacing:1.5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal1 align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:623.25pt;height:421.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="iran_missile_10_16_files/image001.jpg" o:title="tweet_graph"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> <![if !vml]> <span class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center"><b><img border=0 width=831 height=562 src="iran_missile_10_16_files/image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1"></b></span> <![endif]> </span></b><b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <o:p></o:p> </span></b></p></td> <td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p>&nbsp;&nbsp; <u>Tweets per Day</u></p> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal1><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br> Oct. <o:p></o:p> </span></p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>12th</p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>40</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>&nbsp;Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>11th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>36</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>10th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>11</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>9th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>50</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>8th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>14</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>7th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>23</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>6th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>22</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>5th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>30</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>4th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>22</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>3rd </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>39</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>2nd </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>30</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Oct.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>1st </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>30</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Sept.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>30th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>56</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Sept.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>29th </p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>347</p></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width=45 valign=top style='width:33.75pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>Sept.</p></td> <td width=40 valign=top style='width:30.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>28th</p></td> <td width=42 valign=top style='width:31.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p>913</p></td> </tr> </table></td> </tr> </table> <p>There were 574 tweets using the specific hash tag of &ldquo;#iran missiles&rdquo;, which implies that these people were likely more familiar with twitter so they knew to indicate which subject they were looking to discuss. A number of people(1087) tweeting on the Iran missile subject, chose not to use hash tags. Most people tweeting about this subject repeated information that they had heard from other sources, whether it was a website or another person. The majority of people, 1174 people, used an http to reference a website for additional information. Many people tweeting on this subject, about one out of every three people, retweeted information they had read from someone else&rsquo;s tweet. When people retweet they use the notation of RT to let people know that it&rsquo;s a retweet. People will sometimes use the @ sign when they retweet to give credit to the original person who tweeted that specific phrase.</p> <p>Retweets and https also often overlap, where a person will tweet an http and someone else will retweet that website address. A couple other points of interest were some words that frequently came up in the tweets. President Obama&rsquo;s name came up 115 times while people discussed the Iran missile issue. Israel, with no shock, came up relatively frequently being mentioned 242 times in people&rsquo;s tweets. This makes sense because if these missiles were to be used in combat Israel would be a likely target. There were a couple other countries mentioned that were not directly relating to the Iranian missile topic, including Russia and North Korea. Russia was mentioned in tweets 101 times and North Korea was mentioned 51 times. In the 15 day window that our group monitored and analyzed tweets about Iranian missiles there were a total of 1661 tweets, with 471 (28.3%) having been posted by users whom posted 2 or more tweets.</p> <table width="500" border="5" align="left"> <tr> <td width="79">Tweets</td> <td width="42">%</td> <td width="349">References...</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1661</td> <td>100</td> <td>Total tweets</td> </tr> <tr> <td>471</td> <td>28.4</td> <td>Posted 2 or more</td> </tr> <tr> <td>574</td> <td>34.6</td> <td># (subject or tweet tag)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>334</td> <td>20.1</td> <td>@ (retweet or email)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1174</td> <td>70.7</td> <td>http:// (external website)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>115</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>Obama (U.S. President)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>North Korea</td> </tr> <tr> <td>242</td> <td>14.6</td> <td>Israel</td> </tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>Russia</td> </tr> </table> <table width="200" border="0"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999966"><em>Conclusion</em></td> </tr> </table> <p>On September 28 the, Ahmad Vahidi, the Iranian Defense Minister, said on TV that, &ldquo;If this [an Israeli attack] happens, which, of course, we do not foresee, its ultimate result would be to expedite the last breath of the Zionist regime.&rdquo;&nbsp; On that day there were 913 tweets, which is approximately 55% of the total tweets that we collected and analyzed over the two week period.&nbsp; Even the next day the number of tweets dropped off to only about a third of the tweets seen on September 28th.&nbsp; In the days following the number of tweets never broke into triple digits again, however, there did remain a smaller stream of people still interested in the Iranian missile issue.&nbsp; The vast majority of people that were initially stimulated to tweeting by hearing that Iran was testing missiles seemed to lose interest in the topic rapidly.&nbsp; Living in the age of technology people have globally embraced the capability to communicate with one another about world issues.&nbsp; Twitter enables people to communicate with others across the sea about issues that ultimately have the capability of effecting people worldwide.&nbsp; Most people are not experts on the issue which helps to explain why people retweet and list links instead of just stating an opinion.&nbsp;With a global political topic, people will get information from someone else and most often trust the authority of a website.&nbsp; This is probably the case because it is a more complex twitter issue.&nbsp;</p> <table width="200" border="0"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999966"><em>Works Cited</em></td> </tr> </table> <p><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8277040.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8277040.stm</a><br> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aoWrSak0NY">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aoWrSak0NY</a><br> <a href="http://www.kmph.com/Global/story.asp?S=11224974">http://www.kmph.com/Global/story.asp?S=11224974</a><br> <a href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1929037,00.html">http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1929037,00.html</a><br> <a href="iran missiles_tweets.xlsx">Actual Twitter Text (Excel)</a></p> <table width="200" border="0"> <tr> <td bgcolor="#999966"><em>Authors</em></td> </tr> </table> <p>Katrina Christenson, Ryan Flood, Caitlin Leehey, Kelsey Beltramea and Dennis Skalla </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> </body> </html>