Document Type
Dissertation
Date of Degree
Spring 2015
Degree Name
PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)
Degree In
Physics
First Advisor
Ryan T. Flynn
Second Advisor
Paul D. Kleiber
First Committee Member
Ryan T Flynn
Second Committee Member
Paul D Kleiber
Third Committee Member
John J Sunderland
Fourth Committee Member
Markus Wohlgenannt
Fifth Committee Member
Wayne N Polyzou
Abstract
Intensity-modulated brachytherapy techniques, compensator-based intensity modulated brachytherapy (CBT) and interstitial rotating shield brachytherapy (I-RSBT), are two novel conceptual radiation therapies for treating cervical and prostate cancer, respectively. Compared to conventional brachytherapy techniques for treating cervical cancer, CBT can potentially improve the dose conformity to the high-risk clinical target volume (CTV) of the cervix in a less invasive approach. I-RSBT can reduce the dose delivered to the prostate organ at risks (OARs) with the same radiation dose delivered to the prostate CTV. In this work, concepts and prototypes for CBT and I-RSBT were introduced and developed. Preliminary dosimetric measurements were performed for CBT and I-RSBT, respectively.
A CBT prototype system was constructed and experimentally validated. A prototype cylindrical compensator with eight octants, each with different thicknesses, was designed. Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) was used to construct CoCr and Ti compensator prototypes, and a 4-D milling technique was used to construct a Ti compensator prototype. Gafchromic EBT2 films, held by an acrylic quality assurance (QA) phantom, were irradiated to approximately 125 cGy with an electronic brachytherapy (eBT) source for both shielded and unshielded cases. The dose at each point on the films were calculated using a TG-43 calculation model that was modified to account for the presence of a compensator prototype by ray-tracing.
With I-RSBT, a multi-pass dose delivery mechanism with prototypes was developed. Dosimetric measurements for a Gd-153 radioisotope was performed to demonstrate that using multiple partially shielded Gd-153 sources for I-RSBT is feasible. A treatment planning model was developed for applying I-RSBT clinically. A custom-built, stainless steel encapsulated 150 mCi Gd-153 capsule with an outer length of 12.8 mm, outer diameter of 2.10 mm, active length of 9.98 mm, and active diameter of 1.53 mm was used. A partially shielded catheter was constructed with a 500 micron platinum shield and a 500 micron aluminum emission window, both with 180° azimuthal coverage. An acrylic phantom was constructed to measure the dose distributions from the shielded catheter in the transverse plane using Gafchromic EBT3 films. Film calibration curves were generated from 50, 70, and 100 kVp x-ray beams with NIST-traceable air kerma values to account for energy variation.
In conclusion, CBT, which is a non-invasive alternative to supplementary interstitial brachytherapy, is expected to improve dose conformity to bulky cervical tumors relative to conventional intracavitary brachytherapy. However, at the current stage, it would be time-consuming to construct a patient-specific compensator using DMLS, and the quality assurance of the compensator would be difficult. I-RSBT is a promising approach to reducing radiation dose delivered to prostate OARs. The next step in making Gd-153 based I-RSBT feasible in clinic is developing a Gd-153 source that is small enough such that the source, shield, and catheter all fit within a 16 guage needle, which has a 1.65 mm diameter.
Public Abstract
Two novel brachytherapy techniques for treating cervical cancer and prostate cancer were proposed and evaluated for potential clinical use. Brachytherapy is a type of radiation therapy, which is a common way to treat various types of cancer by using ionizing radiation. One limitation of radiation therapy is that the ionizing radiation not only kills tumor cells but also harms healthy organs nearby. In the first part of this dissertation, an innovative technique for treating cervical cancer was proposed, which delivers higher radiation dose to tumor than the conventional method and low dose to bladder and sigmoid colon (healthy organs). In the second part of this dissertation, an innovative technique for treating prostate cancer was proposed, which delivers less dose to the urethral region (healthy organ) than the common method and the same dose to the prostate tumor. Prototypes for the treatment delivery were built and measurements of dose distribution were performed and compared with their theoretical predictions.
Keywords
publicabstract, Dosimetry, Intensity-Modulated Brachytherapy, Monte Carlo Simulation, Optimization/Treatment Planning, Radiation therapy
Pages
xxiii, 139 pages
Bibliography
Includes bibliographical references (pages 132-139).
Copyright
Copyright 2015 Xing Li